International Journal of Public Health and Medical Research

Abstract: Food safety concerns the national economy and people's livelihood. Inspection and testing technologies serve as the core technical support for ensuring food quality and achieving scientific supervision. Based on the practical needs of food quality management, this paper systematically analyzes the core roles of inspection and testing technologies in food quality management, including improving food quality, optimizing process control, strengthening risk early warning, regulating market order, and promoting industrial upgrading. It also proposes optimization strategies to address the current limitations of these technologies, aiming to provide a theoretical reference for the scientific advancement of food quality management. Read More

Abstract: This study focuses on the mechanism of tooth tissue repair using stem cell regeneration technology, an interdisciplinary frontier in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. Dental-derived mesenchymal stem cells, including Dental Pulp Stem Cells (DPSCs), Stem Cells from Human Exfoliated Deciduous Teeth (SHEDs), and Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells (PDLSCs), possess excellent proliferation ability and multi-directional differentiation potential, which provide a promising approach for functional repair of damaged dental tissues. This paper first reviews the research background, domestic and international research status of dental tissue repair, and clarifies the limitations of traditional repair methods. Then, the research objectives, core contents, and key scientific issues are elaborated, including clarifying the repair mechanism of different stem cells, constructing animal models of dental defects, and exploring the regulatory role of microenvironmental factors and signal pathways. Subsequently, the research methods such as stem cell isolation and identification, animal model establishment, and molecular biological detection techniques are detailed, and the feasibility of the research is analyzed. The research progress, preliminary results, and innovative points are also presented. Finally, the key findings of the study are discussed, and the limitations, clinical transformation prospects, and future research plans are prospected. This study aims to clarify the molecular mechanism of stem cell-mediated dental tissue repair, provide experimental basis for clinical translational research, and promote the development of personalized dental tissue regeneration strategies. Read More

Abstract: Scaffold carriers are three dimensional porous biomaterial structures that provide structural support, metabolic signalling and an appropriate cellular environment for tissue regeneration. This article covers the effects of scaffold carrier mechanisms on tissue healing and rehabilitation in three key tissue systems: bone and cartilage, skin and soft tissue and neural tissue. This review integrates principles of extracellular matrix (ECM) biomimicry, scaffold material classification frameworks and cell-scaffold mechanotransduction theory, and uses evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies to illustrate how the scaffold architecture, material composition, surface chemistry and degradation kinetics collectively dictate the cellular responses (adhesion, proliferation and directed differentiation) that underlie functional tissue regeneration. Major design challenges, such as immunogenicity, inadequate vascularisation and degradation–regeneration kinetic mismatch, are comprehensively discussed. Finally, the paper explores the emerging concept of stimulus-responsive smart scaffolds as the next-generation technique to dynamically recapitulate the natural ECM environment and overcome translational restrictions that now hinder clinical use. Read More

Abstract: With the spread of electronic cigarettes around the world, many countries have implemented various regulations, and Australia has one of the stricter systems globally. Systematically review the new regulations on electronic cigarettes in Australia and focus on the transition to a strict prescription-only system and a wide-ranging ban on non-therapeutic and disposable vaping products. Based on the changes in legislation, the government aims to prevent new smokers among young people at the same time as enabling older smokers to use nicotine e-cigarettes for quitting. Notwithstanding the above measures, implementation problems have arisen, such as the spread of black markets, the unwillingness of general practitioners, and a low compliance rate. Therefore, this paper will outline the current research deficiencies in the above policies. The identified deficiencies are the absence of extended data on how the black market has responded to import bans, the duration over which the medicalised model has been ineffective compared with consumer-regulated models, and the sociocultural causes of illicit youth access. Based on the above analysis, in order to improve the public health situation and promote good policy construction in the future, these deficiencies need to be rectified. Read More

Abstract: Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease with a core pathological mechanism involving specific attacks by the immune system on proteins at the neuromuscular junction. This study reveals that our understanding of its pathogenesis has expanded beyond mere neuromuscular transmission dysfunction to encompass multiple aspects, including the dysregulation of immune regulatory networks, abnormal activation of the complement system, and damage mediated by specific autoantibodies. While conventional pharmacological therapies can alleviate clinical symptoms and control disease progression, they generally suffer from significant long-term side effects, substantial individual variability in patient response, and an inability to achieve a cure in most patients. In contrast, targeted biologics enable precise intervention in key disease pathways, whereas stem cell therapy and gene therapy offer novel strategies for restoring immune tolerance and achieving long-term functional control of the disease, collectively advancing the therapeutic paradigm from broad nonspecific immunosuppression toward precision medicine. This study reviews the pathogenesis of MG, systematically outlines the current applications of conventional drugs, targeted biologics, thymectomy, and gene therapy in its treatment, analyzes existing therapeutic challenges, and explores future directions, such as precision medicine and novel targeted therapies. Read More

Abstract: This paper investigates the reproductive endocrine mechanisms of the ovarian reserve in polyendocrinopathy, autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1 (APCOS), which is a new term for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Rather than viewing ovarian reserve as a single number, the paper believes that the concept of reserve in PMOs should be understood through the interplay of follicle number, follicular arrest, granulosa-cell signalling, gonadotropin imbalance, androgen excess and metabolic disturbances. Based on the major consensus statements and endocrine studies, this essay will explore how disturbed hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian signalling, functional ovarian hyperandrogenism, insulin-related dysregulation and anti-Mullerian hormone overproduction affect folliculogenesis and complicate the interpretation of ovarian reserve markers. PMOS also has a problem: although it appears to be in an overstocked state, it may not be ready to reproduce normally. Therefore, Ovarian Reserve Markers in PMOS should be considered in the context of the whole-body endocrine environment and not regarded as fixed indicators of ovulation potential. Read More

Abstract: Objective: To investigate the predictive value of cumulative fluid balance measured within 24 hours before initiation of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) for Intensive Care Unit (ICU) mortality among critically ill adult patients. Methods: A retrospective cohort study used the MIMIC-IV 3.1 database to include adult patients who received CRRT during their first ICU admission and whose CRRT initiation occurred between ICU admission and discharge. The index time point was defined as the start of the first CRRT session. Fluid balance over the preceding 24 hours was calculated as the difference between fluid input and output and was standardized by body weight (mL/kg). Fluid balance values were winsorized at the 1st and 99th percentiles and entered into a logistic regression model in 10 mL/kg increments. The primary outcome was ICU mortality. Multivariable models assessed the association between fluid balance and ICU mortality, and model discrimination was evaluated using the C-statistic. Sensitivity analyses were performed for in-hospital mortality, specific subgroups, and after inclusion of lactate and creatinine levels. Results: Of 1,355 initially screened patients, 946 met inclusion criteria, and 444 died in the ICU (46.9% mortality rate). The body weight-standardized fluid balance during the 24 hours before CRRT was higher in non-survivors than in survivors [33.42 (16.91, 65.22) mL/kg vs. 22.71 (10.18, 45.05) mL/kg, P < 0.001]. ICU mortality rates increased across quartiles of fluid balance, from 34.2%, 44.1%, 53.4%, to 56.1% (trend test P < 0.001). Multivariable logistic regression showed that each 10 mL/kg increase in fluid balance was associated with a 5% higher risk of ICU mortality (OR = 1.05, 95% CI 1.02–1.09, P = 0.001); the C-statistic for the main model was 0.681. After adding lactate and creatinine, the C-statistic improved to 0.735, but the direction of the fluid balance effect reversed (OR = 0.94, 95% CI 0.91–0.98, P = 0.006). Conclusion: A … Read More

Abstract: Research on how oxidative stress affects the development of age-related degenerative diseases. Rather than considering oxidative stress as an increase in free radicals, this paper now refers to it as a fluctuating disorder in redox homeostasis that involves reactive oxygen species, antioxidant defence, mitochondrial function, inflammatory amplification and damaged cell repair. Based on the classic theories of ageing and later review literature, this paper examines how oxidative stress contributes to the accumulation of molecular damage and promotes structural and functional deterioration in ageing tissues. Oxidative stress is also related to disease, and at the same time, it is a type of damage that occurs in blood vessels, nerves and metabolism. Therefore, it has been proposed that the development of degenerative changes in old age is the result of multiple interconnected redox, inflammatory and signalling pathways rather than single-cause damage to tissues. Read More

Abstract: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an important treatment for severe, treatment-resistant, or high-risk depression, yet the relationship between its antidepressant effects, brain network changes, and cellular and molecular processes remains incompletely understood. Recent advances in multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), molecular biology, and animal electroconvulsive stimulation models have provided multilevel evidence for understanding the neurobiological mechanisms of ECT in depression. Current studies suggest that ECT is accompanied by changes in functional connectivity within large-scale brain networks, including the default mode network (DMN), the frontoparietal control network (FPCN), and prefrontal-limbic circuits. In parallel, processes involving neurotransmission, brain metabolism, neurotrophic factors, inflammatory responses, and synaptic plasticity may provide biological clues for interpreting these network-level changes. This review summarizes evidence related to brain network reorganization and synaptic plasticity-associated regulation in ECT for depression, and discusses how findings across levels may be integrated to inform future mechanistic research and treatment-response prediction. Read More

Abstract: Critical care medicine is relatively expensive in terms of medical resources. Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) and its subset, cost-utility analysis (CUA), are employed in health technology assessment (HTA) to determine the economic value of intervention measures, and a separate budget impact analysis is performed to assess how the introduction of new technology will affect the budget. Both are used to make selections. This paper reviews the progress of health technology assessment (HTA) in the field of global critical care medicine, analyzes the application features of cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) in the evaluation of ICU intervention measures, explores the methodological logic and practical value of budget impact analysis for technology access, and puts forward optimisation paths based on the actual constraints of middle-and low-income countries. A total of 219 full economic evaluation studies on ICU intervention measures have been published from 1993 to 2023. The number of publications has risen substantially in the past decade; only 1% originate from middle-and low-income countries, and 58% are model-based studies. In addition, there are many problems in the previous studies that make it difficult to draw broad conclusions. The World's critical care medicine HTA system should take both cost-effectiveness and budget impact into account and build a more flexible evaluation system for countries with different levels of resources. Read More